المساعد الشخصي الرقمي

مشاهدة النسخة كاملة : إسهامات علمية للعلماء المسلمين(2)



yassin
02-27-2007, 08:50 PM
:12: ‏التَّمرُ الهِندِيُّ‏


‏مَادَّةٌ تُؤخَذُ مِن أَحَدِ الأَشجَارِ الاِستِوَائِيَّةِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Tamarind : A substance from a tropical tree. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏اِلتِهَابُ الأُذُنِ الوُسطَى‏

‏كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِتَشخِيصٍ دَقِيقٍ لِاِلتِهَابِ الأُذُنِ الوُسطَى‏
Otitis media : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of otitis media (middle era infection).
‏اِلتِهَابُ غُلَافِ القَلبِ‏

‏كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِتَشخِيصٍ دَقِيقٍ لِاِلتِهَابِ غُلَافِ القَلبِ‏
Pericarditis : Muslim scientists made the first accurate diagnosis of pericarditis.
‏الجَبرُ‏

‏أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الرِّيَاضِيَّةِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ‏
Algebra : A mathematical science originated by Muslim scientists.
‏الجُدَرِي‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَحدِيدِ الطَّبِيعَةِ الاِنتِقَالِيَّةِ لِلجُدَرِي كَمَا كَانُوا أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِتَشخِيصٍ دَقِيقٍ لَهُ‏
Smallpox : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of smallpox. Also, they made the first accurate diagnosis of this fatal disease.
‏الجُذَامُ‏

‏كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِكتَشَفَ أَنَّ الجُذَامَ مَرَضٌ عُضوِيٌّ‏
Leprosy : Muslim scientists were the first to determine leprosy a solely physical disease.
‏الجَذرُ التَّربِيعِيُّ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَطوِيرِ مَفهُومِ الجَذرِ التَّربِيعِيِّ‏
Square roots : Muslim scientists contributed to the development of the concept of square roots.
‏الجِرَاحَةُ‏

‏فَرعٌ مِن فُرُوعِ الطِّبِّ يَدرُسُ تَشخِيصَ وَعِلَاجَ الجُرُوحِ وَالإِصَابَاتِ وَالأَمرَاضِ، وَهُوَ أَحَدُ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ‏
Surgery : The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of injury, deformity, and disease. It was originated by Muslim scientists.
‏الجِرمُ السَّمَاوِيُّ لِلشَّمسِ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَحدِيدِ الجِرمِ السَّمَاوِيِّ لِلشَّمسِ‏
Solar parallax : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of solar parallax
‏الجُرُوحُ وَالإِصَابَاتُ‏

‏قَدَّمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ بَحثٍ فِي الجُرُوحِ وَالإِصَابَاتِ‏
Trauma : Muslim scientists wrote the first treatise on trauma surgery in patients.
‏الجَلَبَةُ‏

‏نَبَاتٌ لَهُ جُذُورٌ تُستَخدَمُ كَمُسَهِّلٍ، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهَا فِي أَغرَاضِ التَّدَاوِي‏
Jalap : A plant whose roots are used as a cathartic. It was developed as a medicine by Muslim scientists.
‏الحِبَالُ الغَلِيظَةُ‏

‏لِلاِستِخدَامِ فِي السُّفُنِ، أَخَذَهَا الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Cables : For use in shipping, introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الحِبرُ‏

‏صَبغَةٌ تُستَخدَمُ فِي الكِتَابَةِ وَالطِّبَاعَةِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Ink : A pigment used especially for writing or printing, introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الحَرِيرُ‏

‏نَسِيجٌ رَقِيقٌ لَامِعٌ يُمكِنُ الحُصُولُ عَلَيهِ مِن يَرَقَاتِ دُودَةِ القَزِّ، وَقَد أَخَذَه الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Silk : A fine, shiny fiber produced by fibrous secretion of silkworms. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الحَصبَةُ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَحدِيدِ الطَّبِيعَةِ الاِنتِقَالِيَّةِ لِلحَصبَةِ، كَمَا كَانُوا أَوَّلَ مَن قَامَ بِتَشخِيصٍ دَقِيقٍ لَهَا‏
Measles : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of measles. Also, they made the first accurate diagnosis of this disease.
‏الحُقنَةُ الشَّرَجِيَّةُ‏

‏حَقنُ المُستَقِيمِ عَن طَرِيقِ الشَّرَجِ لِغَسِيلِ الأَمعَاءِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Enema : The injection of liquid into the rectum through the anus for cleansing the bowels. This medical procedure was introduced to the West by Muslim scientists.
‏الحِنطَةُ السَّودَاءُ‏

‏ثِمَارُ نَبَاتٍ حَولِيٍّ يَنبُتُ فِي آسيَا، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Buckwheat : The edible fruits of an annual Asian plant, introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الخَرِيِطَةُ‏

‏تَصوِيرٌ - يَكُونُ فِي الغَالِبِ عَلَى سَطحٍ مُستَوٍ - لِمِنطَقَةٍ مَا عَلَى الأَرضِ أَو فِي السَّمَاءِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Map : A representation, usually on a plane surface, of a region of the earth or heavens. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim scientists.
‏الخَطُّ‏

‏فَنُّ تَحسِينِ الخَطِّ اليَدَوِيِّ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَهُ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Calligraphy : The art of fine handwriting. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الدَّرَنُ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَحدِيدِ الطَّبِيعَةِ الاِنتِقَالِيَّةِ لِلدَّرَنِ‏
Tuberculosis : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of tuberculosis.







‏الدُّرُوعُ الحَدِيدِيَّةُ (الخَفِيفَةُ)‏

‏أَدَوَاتٌ حَربِيَّةٌ أَخَذَهَا الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Steel (light-weight) armor : Military defensive covering introduced to the West by Muslims

‏الدَّفَّةُ‏

‏لَوحَةٌ تُثَبَّتُ فِي وَضعٍ رَأسِيٍّ فِي مُؤَخِّرَةِ السَّفِينَةِ لِتَوجِيهِ مَسَارِهَا، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Rudder : A vertically hinged plate mounted at the stern of a vessel for directing its course. It was first introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏الدَّورَةُ الرِّئَوِيَّةُ‏

‏كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن شَخَّصَ الدَّورَةَ الرِّئَوِيَّةَ‏
Pulmonary circulation : Muslim scientists were the first to make a correct de******ion of pulmonary circulation.
‏الدِّينَامِيكَا الحَرَارِيَّةُ‏

‏عِلمُ الطَّبِيعَةِ الَّذِي يَعنَى بِالعَلَاقَاتِ بَينَ الحَرَارَةِ وَمَصَادِرِ الطَّاقَةِ الأُخرَى، وَهُوَ مِنَ العُلُومِ الَّتِي اِستَحدَثَهَا العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ‏
Thermodynamics : Physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It was advanced by Muslim scientists.
‏الرَّاوَندُ‏

‏عُشبٌ مِن الفَصِيلَةِ البَطبَاطِيَّةِ، وَكَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهُ فِي الأَغرَاضِ الطِّبِّيَّةِ‏
Rhubarb : A herb developed for medical use by Muslim scientists.
‏الرُّبعِيَّةُ‏

‏أَدَاةٌ تُستَخدَمُ فِي الفَلَكِ وَالمِلَاحَةِ لِقِيَاسِ الاِرتِفَاعِ وَتَتَأَلَّفُ مِن قَوسٍ مُقَسَّمٍ إِلَى 90 دَرَجَةً، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Quadrant : An early instrument for measuring altitude of celestial bodies, consisting of a 90° graduated arch. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim scientist.
‏الرَّمزُ الغَربِيُّ لِلصِّفرِ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي اِختِرَاعِ الرَّمزِ الغَربِيِّ لِلصِّفرِ‏
Western symbol for Zero : Muslim scientists contributed to the invention of the western symbol for Zero.
‏الرُّمُوزُ فِي عَمَلِيَّاتِ الضَّربِ وَالجَمعِ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي اِستِخدَامِ الرُّمُوزِ فِي عَمَلِيَّاتِ الضَّربِ وَالجَمعِ‏
Symbols for multiplication and addition : Muslim scientists contributed to the use of symbols for multiplication and addition.
‏الزُّجَاجُ المُلَوَّنُ‏

‏مَادَّةٌ أَخَذَهَا الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Colored glass : A substance introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏السَّاتَانُ‏

‏نَسِيجٌ نَاعِمٌ لَامِعُ الظَّاهِرِ مُعتِمُ البَاطِنِ، وَقَد أَخَذَهُ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Satin : A smooth fabric woven with a glossy face and a dull back. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏السَّاعَةُ‏

‏أَدَاةٌ تُستَخدَمُ فِي قِيَاسِ وَتَحدِيدِ الوَقتِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Clock : An instrument for measuring and indicating time. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim scientists.
‏السّجَّادُ‏

‏فَرشٌ ثَخِينٌ تُغَطَّى بِهِ الأَرضِيَّاتُ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Carpets : A thick heavy covering for the floors, introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏السُّدسِيَّةُ‏

‏آلَةٌ مِلَاحِيَّةٌ تَتَكَوَّنُ مِن قَوسٍ مُدَرَّجٍ يَبلُغُ 60 دَرَجَةً، تُستَخدَمُ لِقِيَاسِ اِرتِفَاعِ الأَجرَامِ السَّمَاوِيَّةِ، وَهِيَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Sextant : A navigational instrument containing a graduated 60-degree arc, used for measuring the altitudes of celestial bodies. It was first introduced to the West by Muslim scientists.
‏السَّرجُ‏

‏مَقعَدٌ جِلدِيٌّ يَستَقِرُّ عَلَيهِ رَاكِبُ الفَرَسِ أَو الدَّابَّةِ وَيُثَبَّتُ بِحِزَامٍ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Saddles : A leather seat for a rider, secured on an animal’s back by a girth, introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏السَّقَمُونيَا‏

‏نَوعٌ مِنَ الجُذُورِ يُستَخدَمُ كَمُسَهِّلٍ، وَكَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن اِستَخدَمَهُ فِي الأَغرَاضِ الطِّبِّيَّةِ وَنَقَلُوهُ لِلغَربِ‏
Scammony : A root introduced for medical purposes to the West by Muslims.
‏السُّكَّرُ‏

‏كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن وَصَفَ وُجُودَ السُّكَّرِ بِالدَّمِ‏
Sugar : Muslim scientists were the first to describe the presence of sugar in blood.
‏السُّمَاقُ‏

‏مَادَّةٌ تُستَخدَمُ فِي الدِّبَاغَةِ وَالصِّبَاغَةِ، وَهُوَ مِمَّا أَخَذَ الغَربُ عَن المُسلِمِينَ‏
Sumac : A substance used in tanning leather and dying. It was introduced to the West by Muslims.
‏السِّمنَةُ‏

‏كَانَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن لَاحَظَ أَنَّ زِيَادَةَ المَوَادِّ النَّشَوِيَّةِ يُسَبِّبُ السِّمنَةَ‏
Obesity : Muslim scientists were the first to observe that excess consumption of dietary carbohydrates causes obesity.
‏السَّيَلَانُ‏

‏أَسهَمَ العُلَمَاءُ المُسلِمُونَ فِي تَحدِيدِ الطَّبِيعَةِ الاِنتِقَالِيَّةِ لِلسَّيَلَانِ‏
Gonorrhea : Muslim scientists contributed to the determination of the communicable nature of Gonorrhea.
‏الشَّبَكِيَّةُ‏

‏كَانَ المُسلِمُونَ أَوَّلَ مَن وَصَفَ طَبِيعَةَ وَتَشرِيحَ الشَّبَكِيَّةِ‏
Retina : Muslim scientists made the first correct de******ion of the anatomy and physiology of the retina
منقول..................